Freshly published in April 2025, this new peer-reviewed study in PLOS ONE offers the most current, real-world insights into face mask filtration efficiency. At a time when respiratory viruses continue to pose a threat, understanding the true protection levels of different masks—from cloth to N95s—has never been more relevant.
This brand-new research, which tested mask performance on actual human participants rather than lab mannequins, adds critical nuance to the public conversation. It found that not only does mask material matter, but so does how well it fits your face.
At CircleDNA, we stay on top of emerging science to help you make better-informed decisions about your health—especially when it comes to protecting your family and understanding your personal genetic risks.
Key Findings: What the 2025 Study Shows
- Basic cloth and level 1 medical masks filtered just over 50% of particles on average.
- Level 3 medical masks and KN95s filtered closer to 70%, depending on fit.
- N95 and CaN99 respirators, even without fit testing, provided exceptional protection (up to 98%).
- Fit-improving methods, like mask braces or using a tight cloth mask over a surgical one, could boost efficiency up to 92%—matching N95-level protection.
This is the most up-to-date data available on how masks perform in realistic, wearable conditions—and it signals a clear shift from one-size-fits-all advice to tailored, user-specific strategies.
Why Fit—and Your Genetics—Both Matter
One of the most telling findings was that user-perceived leakiness closely matched measured performance. In short: if your mask feels leaky, it probably is.
But personal protection doesn’t stop at equipment—it also depends on your genetic makeup. Some people are genetically predisposed to respiratory sensitivity, lower immune response, or heightened inflammation when infected.
That’s where tools like the CircleDNA Premium Test Kit offer additional layers of insight. Our reports help you understand your baseline immune resilience, risk of severe viral response, and how your body handles airborne stressors—so you can make informed choices about when and how to step up protection.
Five Takeaway Tips for Smarter Mask Use
Based on the newest findings, here’s how to optimise your everyday mask habits:
- Prioritise fit improvements: A brace or tight-fitting cloth layer over your medical mask can boost filtration by over 30%.
- Don’t rely on earloop-only surgical masks: Their performance drops sharply without seal support.
- Skip ineffective hacks: Techniques like “knot and tuck” or ear guards didn’t provide consistent benefits.
- Reserve high-grade respirators for high-risk environments or if you have a genetic vulnerability to respiratory illness.
- Know your personal risk: With a CircleDNA Premium Test, you can discover your unique immune profile and plan accordingly.
Personalised Protection Is the Future
This 2025 research makes it clear: the best mask is the one that fits you—in both form and context. Add to that the knowledge of your genetic risk factors, and you’re equipped with everything you need to build a truly personalised protection plan.
At CircleDNA, we’re committed to bringing you science-backed, cutting-edge health insights—so you can stay proactive, not reactive, when it comes to your wellbeing.
Explore what your DNA says about your immune system, respiratory resilience, and more with the CircleDNA Premium Test Kit.
References
Tomkins, A. A., Dulai, G., Dulai, R., Rassenberg, S., Lawless, D., Laengert, S., … & Clase, C. M. (2025). Measuring the fitted filtration efficiency of cloth masks, medical masks and respirators. PLOS ONE, 20(4), e0301310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301310
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